AJK Supreme Court Upholds Acquittal in Plot Fraud Case: Key Lessons for Property Disputes

The Supreme Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) has upheld the acquittal of accused persons in a high-profile plot forgery and fraudulent allotment case, reinforcing the importance of timely action, proper jurisdiction, and strict compliance with statutory procedures in accountability and property-related proceedings.

This legal alert analyses the judgment in Ehtesab Bureau, Azad Jammu & Kashmir vs. Khalid Mehmood Ansari & others (Criminal Appeal No. 46 of 2024) and highlights practical takeaways for individuals and businesses facing property disputes, fraudulent mutations, and allotment conflicts in Mirpur and across AJK.

1. Case Overview: Plot Forgery and Fraud Allegations in Mirpur

The appeal arose from a judgment dated 14 June 2024 passed by the High Court of AJK. The dispute related to Plot No. 12/K-1, Sub-sector D/3 West Part-I, Mirpur City, involving alleged forgery of application forms and the fraudulent allotment of a plot through collusion with officials of the Mirpur Development Authority (MDA), indicating a deliberate scheme to manipulate official records and unlawfully secure property rights.

1.1 Complaint Before the Ehtesab Bureau

On 10 February 2012, a complaint was lodged before the AJK Ehtesab Bureau by Muhammad Ajaib, a resident of Dheri Sultanpur, alleging that he had originally applied for the disputed plot on 28 July 1989 and that an allotment was purportedly made in his favour on 26 September 1998. He claimed, however, that another individual with the same name and parentage, but residing in Mian Muhammad Town, had allegedly colluded with officials of the Mirpur Development Authority (MDA) to substitute his genuine application with a forged one and thereby secure the allotment fraudulently.

A reminder was issued on 20 December 2013, and a reference was ultimately filed on 5 July 2014 against:

• Khalid Mehmood Ansari,

• Muhammad Ajaib (resident of Mian Muhammad Town), and

• Muhammad Basharat.
  

1.2 Conviction by the Ehtesab Court

The Ehtesab Court-II, Mirpur convicted the respondents on 28 February 2023, imposing:

• Seven (7) years’ simple imprisonment under Section 11 of the AJK Ehtesab Bureau Act, 2001, and

• Four (4) years’ imprisonment under Section 468 APC (forgery).

The case was treated as a classic instance of alleged corruption, forgery and misuse of authority in the allotment of government land.

2. High Court Acquittal and Appeal to the Supreme Court

Aggrieved by the conviction, the respondents filed two separate appeals before the High Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The High Court, through a consolidated judgment dated 14 June 2024, set aside the convictions and acquitted all respondents.

The Ehtesab Bureau, through its Chief Prosecutor, then challenged this acquittal before the Supreme Court of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, arguing that:

The High Court’s judgment was contrary to law, it involved misreading and misappreciation of evidence, and the acquittal was unsustainable. Conversely, counsel for the respondents supported the High Court’s decision as well-reasoned, firmly grounded in fact and evidence, and consistent with applicable statutory and constitutional principles.

3. Supreme Court’s Findings: Why the Acquittal Was Upheld

A bench comprising Raja Saeed Akram Khan, C.J. and Raza Ali Khan, J. of the AJK Supreme Court carefully reviewed the record and upheld the High Court’s acquittal, finding no legal or factual infirmity.

The central question was:

Did the prosecution establish the accused’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt, and was the High Court justified in setting aside the conviction?

The Supreme Court identified three key deficiencies in the prosecution’s case.

3.1 Statutory Abatement Due to Undue Delay (Section 21(6), Ehtesab Bureau Act, 2001)

A critical aspect was the inordinate and unexplained delay:

The complaint remained unattended for over twenty-two (22) months before any inquiry was initiated. This delay violated the first proviso to sub-section (6) of Section 21 of the Ehtesab Bureau Act, 2001, which mandates that:

If an inquiry or investigation is not concluded within one year from the date of receipt of the complaint, it shall be deemed to have abated by operation of law.

The Court characterised this provision as:

• Mandatory, not directory,

• Intended to ensure prompt action, legal certainty, and finality, and

• A legislative safeguard against indefinite, oppressive, and stale inquiries.

Once statutory abatement had occurred, the trial court’s later assumption of jurisdiction was held to be ultra vires the statute. In other words, a court cannot revive or continue proceedings that the law itself has deemed abated.

For reference on the legal framework of the Ehtesab Bureau, see the Ehtesab Bureau overview and the 2024 amending ordinance available on the Bureau’s official website.

3.2 Failure to Approach the Proper Statutory Forum (MDA Jurisdiction)

The Supreme Court further observed that:

• Allotment-related disputes fall primarily within the administrative and statutory domain of the Mirpur Development Authority (MDA).

• The complainant did not effectively invoke the appropriate remedies before the competent MDA authorities prior to pursuing criminal accountability.
  

Given that MDA is the statutory body responsible for land allotment and development in Mirpur (see the description of Mirpur Development Authority under the Government of AJK framework at ajk.gov.pk), bypassing the administrative hierarchy and in-house mechanisms weakened the process and contributed to procedural irregularities.

The Court underscored that:

Administrative remedies must be respected before, or at least alongside, criminal accountability where the dispute is primarily about title, allotment, or regularisation rather than clear‑cut, proven criminality.

3.3 Lack of Conclusive Evidence on Entitlement and Forgery

On merits, the Supreme Court emphasised multiple evidentiary gaps:

1. No conclusive proof of allotment to the complainant

   • While the complainant had indeed applied for the plot, the record did not conclusively establish that the disputed plot was ever allotted to him.

   • In contrast, the official allotment record showed that the plot had been allocated and later regularised in favour of another individual with the same name and parentage.

2. Multiple allotments already in complainant’s favour

   • The complainant had already obtained multiple plots from MDA.

   • This weakened his equity-based claim and created doubts about any additional alleged entitlement.

3. Failure to produce credible documentary proof

   • The complainant failed to produce reliable, original documents or authenticated official records to substantiate his exclusive right to the disputed plot.

   • Given the high standard of proof in criminal cases, these omissions were fatal.

In light of:

The statutory abatement due to delay, and
The failure to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt,

The Supreme Court found the High Court’s acquittal to be unassailable and dismissed the appeal.

Please find the full judgment below: (may take a few seconds to load)

4. Practical Lessons for Property Owners and Litigants in AJK

This judgment has far‑reaching implications for property disputes, fraudulent mutations, forged documents, and allotment conflicts in AJK. It sends a clear message that: Procedure, timelines, and correct forums matter as much as substantive claims.

4.1 Timeliness Is Critical: Avoid Statutory Abatement

The one‑year limitation for completing inquiries under the Ehtesab Bureau Act, 2001 means:

• Delayed, inactive, or poorly pursued complaints can legally abate, regardless of their moral strength.

• Complainants should actively monitor their cases with bodies such as the AJK Ehtesab Bureau and ensure timely follow‑up and documentation.

Failing to act promptly can render otherwise serious allegations legally non-maintainable.

4.2 Use the Correct Administrative Forums First

Before directly engaging in criminal accountability or writ litigation, parties should:

Approach relevant administrative bodies such as:

• Mirpur Development Authority (MDA) for allotment and land record disputes (under the broader framework of the Government of AJK),

• Local development or estate management offices, and

• Revenue and land records authorities for mutations and title correction.
  

For maladministration or abuse of authority by AJK government departments, individuals may also seek redress from the Mohtasib (Ombudsman) Secretariat AJK, which is mandated to address maladministration and protect citizens’ rights.

By using these primary forums, complainants strengthen their legal position before escalating matters to the High Court or Supreme Court of AJK.

Documentary Evidence and Record Regularisation

The case also illustrates that:

Courts place heavy reliance on official records maintained by authorities (such as MDA files, allotment registers, and regularisation orders). Mere allegations of fraud or forgery, without clear, corroborated documentary evidence, are unlikely to succeed in criminal proceedings.

Property owners should therefore:

Ensure that their allotment letters, transfer orders, mutation entries, and payment receipts are properly issued, attested, and preserved;

Pursue regularisation or correction of any discrepancy promptly through the relevant authority; and

Avoid informal or undocumented transactions that cannot be defended with authentic records.

Protecting Your Rights in AJK

In AJK, legal disputes often involve:

Fraudulent mutations, Illegal possession or encroachment, Forgery of land and allotment documents.

To protect your rights:

1. File complaints promptly with the Ehtesab Bureau or other authorities to avoid statutory abatement.

2. Exhaust proper administrative channels (MDA, relevant development authorities, revenue offices, Ombudsman AJK) before or alongside litigation.

3. Maintain a complete documentary trail including applications, challans, allotment letters, correspondence, and decisions.

4. Understand and assert your constitutional rights to fair trial and due process under the AJK Interim Constitution, 1974 AJ&K Interim Constitution, 1974 (PDF).

Expert Legal Representation for AJK Property and Accountability Matters

For individuals and businesses in Mirpur and across AJK facing:

Property litigation,
Fraudulent allotment or document fraud,
Investigations by the Ehtesab Bureau, or
Complex land and development disputes,

Our Practice Focus

BAK Chambers offers high-calibre civil, commercial, and constitutional legal services across Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Pakistan, with particular expertise in:

1. Property and land conflicts (including allotment, regularisation, and cancellation);

2. Document fraud, forged mutations, and fraudulent transfers;

3. Accountability and corruption proceedings under the AJK Ehtesab Bureau Act, 2001;

4. Judicial review and constitutional litigation before the High Court and the Supreme Court of AJK;

5. Administrative grievances before bodies like the Mohtasib (Ombudsman) Secretariat AJK.

We ensure that all actions remain aligned with constitutional safeguards, including Article 19 (fair trial) under the AJK Interim Constitution, 1974.

Strategic, Time-Sensitive Approach

Drawing on the lessons from this Supreme Court decision, our approach emphasises:

Procedural Compliance and Forum Strategy

Correctly sequencing matters between:

Administrative authorities and MDA-type bodies, Ehtesab Bureau and accountability forums, and Courts (District Courts, High Court, Supreme Court) — see District Courts AJ&K for an overview of the judicial structure.

Ensuring no bypass of statutory mechanisms that could later be used to challenge jurisdiction or invalidate proceedings.

Remote Case Management and Urgent Relief

To serve clients within AJK and abroad:

• We operate a Remote Case Management Process, minimising the need for physical presence.

• Where justified by the facts, we seek urgent court injunctions (stay orders) often within 24–48 hours to halt:

  • Illegal construction,

  • Unlawful dispossession, or

  • Tampering with property records or assets.

Full representation is provided throughout proceedings, with real-time updates via secure digital channels.

Secure Your Rights

If you are facing:

Illegal possession,
Fraudulent mutations or forged documents,
Disputes with development authorities over allotment or cancellation, or
Potential accountability proceedings before the Ehtesab Bureau,

You should act quickly and strategically to avoid the procedural pitfalls illustrated by this Supreme Court ruling.

BAK Chambers offers:

• Detailed case merit analysis,

• Clear advice based on current AJK statutory and constitutional law,

• Strategically tailored litigation and settlement options, and

• End‑to‑end handling of your matter through the correct administrative and judicial hierarchies in AJK.

To protect your property rights, ensure procedural compliance, and avoid avoidable abatement or dismissal, book a consultation conference with BAK Chambers today and obtain expert, jurisdiction‑specific legal guidance.